Summary of India Economic Survey 2025

 

The Economic Survey 2025 provides valuable insights into India's economic health and outlines a roadmap for sustainable growth. With a focus on innovation, inclusion, and investment, the survey sets the stage for the upcoming Union Budget and highlights the government's commitment to achieving long-term economic prosperity.

 Summary of the key points from the Economic Survey 2025

The Economic Survey 2025, presented by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, provides a detailed analysis of India's economic performance over the past year and outlines key projections and policy suggestions for the upcoming financial year. The survey, prepared under the leadership of Chief Economic Adviser Dr V Anantha Nageswaran, highlights several critical aspects of the Indian economy.

Economic Growth: India's economy is projected to grow by 6.6% in FY25, which is attributed to strong private consumption and investment. This growth is supported by government policies that encourage economic activities, investments in infrastructure, and reforms aimed at improving the ease of doing business.

Inflation: Food inflation remains high due to supply disruptions, with the Consumer Food Price Index (CFPI) rising to 8.4%. This is primarily driven by adverse weather conditions affecting crop yields, supply chain issues, and increased demand for food products.

Global Trends: On the global front, inflation has eased from previous highs, but risks persist due to geopolitical tensions, such as trade conflicts and instability in certain regions, and central bank policies that impact global financial markets.

Sector Performance: All major sectors of the economy—agriculture, industry, and services—are performing well. Agriculture, in particular, has been thriving above its trend levels, supported by favourable monsoon rains and government initiatives aimed at improving agricultural productivity.

Capital Expenditure: Capital expenditure (capex) has seen an 8.2% growth between July and November 2024. This indicates robust investment in infrastructure projects, machinery, and equipment, which is expected to further drive economic growth and development.

GDP Growth: Real GDP growth for FY25 is estimated at 6.4%. This reflects stable economic performance despite global challenges such as fluctuating commodity prices and geopolitical uncertainties. The government's focus on structural reforms and investment in key sectors contributes to this growth.

Fiscal Deficit: The fiscal deficit is projected to be 4.9% of GDP, which indicates the gap between the government's revenue and expenditure. Efforts are being made to reduce the fiscal deficit over the coming years through better fiscal management and increased revenue generation.

Urban Demand: Strong urban demand has led to increased housing rents and healthcare expenses. This is driven by higher disposable incomes, urbanisation, and improved access to credit, which have boosted consumer spending on housing and healthcare services.

Weather Impact: Extreme weather events, such as unseasonal rains and heatwaves, have significantly impacted agricultural output. This has contributed to food price pressures and variability in crop yields, making it challenging for farmers and affecting overall food supply.

Government Interventions: To stabilise food prices, the government has released buffer stocks of essential commodities and invested in cold storage and logistics infrastructure. These measures aim to ensure a steady supply of food products and reduce price volatility.

Core Inflation: Core inflation, which excludes volatile food and fuel prices, eased to 4.1%. Despite this overall reduction, the cost of services such as housing, healthcare, and education continued to rise. These sectors faced higher demand and supply constraints, contributing to the persistent increase in prices.

Retail Inflation: Retail inflation, measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), averaged 5.4% during FY25 (April-December). This reflects the combined effects of various factors, including elevated food prices, increased service costs, and global commodity price fluctuations.

Global Inflation: Globally, inflation has eased from the peaks seen post-pandemic. This can be attributed to the stabilisation of supply chains, lower energy prices, and monetary policies aimed at controlling inflation. However, risks remain due to ongoing geopolitical tensions and economic uncertainties.

US Inflation: Inflation in the United States declined to 3.4% by the end of 2024. This decrease was driven by lower energy costs, improved supply chain conditions, and the Federal Reserve's monetary tightening policies. The easing of inflation provides some relief to consumers and businesses alike.

Eurozone Inflation: The Eurozone's inflation rate fell to 2.9%, primarily due to lower energy prices and weak demand. The European Central Bank's monetary policy and lower global commodity prices also contributed to the reduction in inflationary pressures.

Rupee Depreciation: The Indian rupee depreciated by 4.5% against the US dollar over the year. This depreciation can be linked to various factors, including global economic conditions, fluctuations in capital flows, and the strength of the US dollar.

RBI Policy: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) maintained a steady repo rate of 6.5% throughout most of 2024. This policy aimed to anchor inflation expectations and ensure economic stability. By keeping the repo rate unchanged, the RBI sought to balance growth and inflation objectives.

Supply-Side Measures: To stabilise staple food prices, the government released 5 lakh tonnes of wheat and rice from buffer stocks. These supply-side measures were intended to address food price volatility and ensure adequate availability of essential commodities in the market.

Food Processing Sector: The government introduced a Rs 10,000 crore incentive for the food processing sector. This initiative aims to strengthen long-term food supply chains, enhance processing infrastructure, and promote value addition in agriculture. The incentive is expected to improve food security and create job opportunities.

Housing Rents: Housing rents increased by 12% due to strong urban demand. The rise in rents is driven by factors such as urbanisation, higher disposable incomes, and limited housing supply in urban areas. This trend underscores the need for policies that address affordable housing and urban planning.

Healthcare Expenses: Healthcare expenses rose by 6.5%, primarily driven by increased costs of medical treatments, drugs, and healthcare services. The rise can also be attributed to higher demand for healthcare services due to urbanization and greater awareness of health issues.

Vegetable Prices: Tomato prices soared by 37% during peak summer due to heatwaves that adversely affected crop yields. Extreme temperatures led to reduced tomato harvests, creating supply shortages and driving prices up significantly.

Onion Prices: Onion prices remained 20% above their five-year average following unseasonal rainfall. The erratic weather patterns disrupted the sowing and harvesting cycles, leading to supply shortages and increased prices.

Crop Area Damage : Over the past three years, there was a 15% increase in crop area damage due to erratic weather. Unpredictable weather conditions such as heavy rains, droughts, and heatwaves have caused significant damage to crops, impacting agricultural productivity and farmer incomes.

Global Commodity Prices: A decline in global commodity prices, especially crude oil, provided some relief to the economy. Lower crude oil prices helped reduce the cost of imports, easing inflationary pressures and improving the trade balance.

Economic Stability: Despite global uncertainties, India's economy is expected to remain stable. Factors contributing to this stability include strong domestic demand, robust industrial and agricultural performance, and effective government policies aimed at sustaining growth and managing inflation.

GDP Forecast: GDP growth for FY26 is forecasted to range between 6.3% and 6.8%. This growth projection is based on continued investments in infrastructure, favourable demographic trends, and policy measures aimed at enhancing productivity and economic resilience.

Sectoral Growth: The industrial sector has surpassed pre-pandemic growth levels, driven by increased manufacturing activity, infrastructure development, and government initiatives to boost industrial production. The sector's recovery has been a key contributor to overall economic growth.

Services Sector: The services sector has reached its trend growth levels, supported by strong demand for IT services, financial services, and other professional services. The sector's performance has been buoyed by digital transformation, increased consumer spending, and global demand for India's service exports.

Agricultural Growth: Agriculture continues to thrive above trend levels, benefiting from favourable weather conditions, government support programs, and advancements in agricultural technology. The sector's robust performance has contributed to food security and rural income growth.

Retail Investor Base: India's growing retail investor base adds resilience to the stock market. Retail investors, consisting of individual and small investors, have shown increased participation in stock markets. This diversified investor base helps to stabilise the market, reducing dependency on foreign institutional investors.

Market Resilience: Despite foreign portfolio investor outflows, the Nifty 50 index saw only a 6.2% correction. This resilience is attributed to robust domestic investor participation and strong economic fundamentals. The diversified portfolio of Nifty 50 companies has also contributed to maintaining market stability.

US Market Impact: India's stock market is sensitive to downturns in the US market. Given the interconnectedness of global financial markets, any significant downturn in the US market can lead to volatility in Indian markets. This sensitivity underscores the importance of monitoring global economic trends.

US Stock Market: The US stock market saw a 24% gain in 2023 and continued strong performance in 2024. The gains were driven by economic recovery, corporate earnings growth, and positive investor sentiment. The strong performance of the US market has had a positive impact on global investor confidence.

Retail Investor Participation: Individuals invested a net amount of Rs 4.4 lakh crore in the NSE’s cash market segment over the past five years. This significant investment by retail investors highlights their growing confidence in the stock market and their role in providing liquidity and stability to the market.

Geopolitical Risks: Geopolitical risks continue to pose challenges to the global economic outlook. Factors such as trade conflicts, political instability, and international tensions can impact economic growth and market stability. It is crucial for policymakers to navigate these risks to sustain economic progress.

Government Initiatives: Government initiatives aim to improve infrastructure, innovation, and social development. Programs focused on building physical infrastructure, promoting technological advancements, and enhancing social welfare are expected to drive economic growth and improve the quality of life for citizens.

Climate Sensitivity: Emphasis on climate sensitivity and sustainable practices is increasingly important. The government is prioritising policies that address climate change, promote renewable energy, and encourage sustainable agriculture. These efforts aim to mitigate environmental risks and ensure long-term ecological balance.

Healthcare Spending: Increased government spending on healthcare is a key focus. Investments in healthcare infrastructure, accessibility, and quality of care are essential to improving public health outcomes. Enhanced healthcare spending also aims to address challenges such as disease prevention and health equity.

Education System: Focus on improving the education system to support future economic growth. The government is committed to reforms that enhance the quality of education, promote digital literacy, and align curricula with industry needs. These efforts aim to equip the workforce with skills necessary for a competitive global economy.

The Economic Survey 2025 provides valuable insights into India's economic health and outlines a roadmap for sustainable growth. With a focus on innovation, inclusion, and investment, the survey sets the stage for the upcoming Union Budget and highlights the government's commitment to achieving long-term economic prosperity.

 

 

Achieving the Right Valuation of Government Enterprise Stocks

Achieving the Right Valuation of Government Enterprise Stocks

In recent years, the valuation of Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) and Public Sector Banks (PSBs) in India has been a topic of discussion among financial experts. Despite being leaders in various industries, boasting sound balance sheets, consistent year-on-year growth in sales and profits, and possessing significant real estate assets, these stocks were historically undervalued compared to their private counterparts. However, between 2021 and 2024, this gap began to narrow, only to widen again as the stock markets weakened by the end of 2024.

The Valuation Gap: Historical Perspective

Historically, PSUs and PSBs in India were perceived as bureaucratic and inefficient compared to the private sector. Their significant holdings and vast land banks, which should have been reflected in their stock prices, were often overlooked by investors. This undervaluation was attributed to governance issues and the slow pace of decision-making, which impacted their appeal in a dynamic market environment.

 Market Correction and Narrowing Gap (2021-2024)

Starting in 2021, market analysts noted a shift as the valuations of PSUs and PSBs began to rise. This change was fuelled by several factors, including improved corporate governance, increased government support, and better financial performance. The narrowing valuation gap was a positive reflection of these companies' intrinsic values. However, towards the end of 2024, the broader stock market began to weaken, leading to a sharp decline in the share prices of these entities once again.

Collaborative Efforts by the Department of Public Enterprises

To address these ongoing challenges, the Department of Public Enterprises (DPE), in collaboration with the Capacity Building Commission of India, organized a crucial meeting last week. This meeting brought together key stakeholders, including PSUs, investment bankers, merchant bankers, and research analysts, to discuss strategies to enhance the market perception and valuation of PSU and PSB stocks.

Here are some action plans that could be considered to bridge the valuation gap for PSU/PSB stocks:

1. Enhance Corporate Governance and Transparency:

Independent Directors: Increase the proportion of independent directors on PSU boards to improve objectivity and decision-making.

Regular Investor Interactions: Organise frequent investor calls, roadshows, and analyst meetings to improve communication and transparency.

ESG Focus: Emphasise environmental, social, and governance (ESG) practices to attract ESG-focused investors.

Data Disclosure: Improve data disclosure and reporting standards to enhance investor confidence.

Transparent Financial Reporting: Adopting International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) or Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) ensures accuracy and consistency in financial reporting. Timely and comprehensive disclosures of financial and operational information should be a priority.

Stringent Compliance Measures: Establishing strong internal control systems and ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements can reduce risks. Continuous monitoring and evaluation, along with a credible whistleblower policy, are crucial.

Regular Audits : Conducting frequent internal and external audits can identify weaknesses and opportunities for improvement. Audit results and the subsequent actions taken should be communicated transparently to stakeholders.

2. Improve Financial Performance:

Focus on Profitability: Implement strategies to improve profitability, such as cost optimization, operational efficiency, and product innovation.

Return on Equity (ROE): Focus on improving ROE through initiatives like asset-liability management and capital optimisation.

Dividend Policy: Implement a clear and consistent dividend policy to attract dividend-seeking investors.

3. Unlock Value through Asset Monetisation:

Land Monetisation: Explore avenues for monetising surplus land assets through joint ventures, real estate development, or strategic partnerships. Use Invit and REIT Structures. Lease the operating assets to generate funds for new projects.

Strategic Partnerships: Collaborate with private sector players for technology upgrades, market access, and *operational efficiency.

Divestment: Explore divestment options for non-core assets to streamline operations and improve focus.

Identifying Non-Core Assets : PSUs need to conduct a comprehensive review of their assets to identify non-core properties that can be monetised. This includes surplus land, buildings, and other real estate holdings.

Efficient Disposal Mechanisms: Setting up transparent and efficient disposal mechanisms, such as electronic auctions or public tenders, to ensure fair value realization. Collaboration with professional asset management firms can enhance this process.

Utilising Proceeds: The capital generated from asset monetisation could be strategically reinvested to enhance core operations, reduce debt, or fund growth initiatives. Regular monitoring and reporting on the use of proceeds are essential for maintaining stakeholder trust.

4. Strategic Disinvestment

Reducing Government Stake: The government can gradually reduce its stake in non-strategic PSUs to below 50%, making them more market-driven. This requires a well-thought-out plan to ensure a smooth transition without negatively impacting employee morale or operations.

Attracting Private Investors: By providing incentives like tax benefits and simplified procedural requirements, private investors can be lured to invest in PSUs. Roadshows and investor meets can play a significant role in attracting both domestic and international investors.

Phased Approach: Disinvestment should be executed in phases to maximize value and minimize disruption. Each phase should be accompanied by thorough stakeholder engagement and focused communication strategies.

5. Enhancing Operational Efficiency

Adopting Modern Technology: Integrating advanced technologies such as AI, big data analytics, and IoT into operations can improve efficiency and reduce costs. Automation of routine tasks frees up human resources for more strategic roles.

Improving Supply Chain Mechanisms: Enhancing supply chain management through strategies like just-in-time inventory and vendor-managed inventory can lead to cost savings and increased efficiency. Collaboration with best-in-class suppliers is also beneficial.

Investing in Employee Development: Conducting regular training and development programs in partnership with leading institutions can bolster employee skills and productivity. Performance-based incentives can further drive efficiency.

Lean Manufacturing Techniques: Implementing lean manufacturing techniques can minimize waste and improve operational processes. Continuous improvement practices like Kaizen can keep operations agile and efficient.

6. Strategic Partnerships and Alliances.

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Engaging in PPPs allows PSUs to leverage private sector expertise and capital. This collaboration can lead to innovative solutions and improved efficiency.

Joint Ventures: Forming joint ventures with leading private companies can bring in new technologies and expand market reach. Clear terms and governance structures for such partnerships ensure mutual benefit.

Collaborative Innovation: Encouraging partnerships with startups and tech companies can foster innovation. These collaborations can lead to the development of new products and services.

Sector-Specific Alliances: Engaging in sector-specific alliances helps PSUs gain insights into industry trends and best practices. This knowledge can be used to drive strategic initiatives and enhance competitiveness.

7. Leverage Government Support:

Policy Reforms: Advocate for policy reforms that support the growth and competitiveness of PSUs.

Financial Support: Explore avenues for government support, such as access to credit, equity infusions, and infrastructure development.

Strategic Investments: Encourage government-led strategic investments in key sectors where PSUs play a crucial role.

8. Promoting Research and Development (R&D)

Increased Investment: Allocating more funds towards R&D initiatives is crucial. This can include setting up dedicated R&D centres, incentivising innovation, and funding projects that align with the PSU's strategic goals.

Collaboration with Academic Institutions: Partnering with universities and research institutions can facilitate knowledge transfer and foster innovation. Joint research projects, internships, and scholarships can also enhance this collaboration.

Industry-Academia Consortium: Creating consortiums where academia and industry work together on breakthrough technologies and solutions. This can help in the rapid commercialization of research outcomes.

Internal Innovation Programs: Encouraging a culture of innovation within the organisation by establishing internal innovation programs and labs. This can include hackathons, idea competitions, and dedicated innovation teams.

Patents and Intellectual Property (IP) Management: Focusing on obtaining patents for new technologies and managing intellectual property efficiently. This can protect innovations and provide additional revenue streams through licensing.

9. Enhance Investor Relations:

Appoint Investor Relations Officers: Appoint dedicated investor relations officers in each PSU to manage investor communication effectively. Establishing a dedicated Investor Relations (IR) team that focuses on communicating with investors, analysts, and other stakeholders. This team should be well-versed in the PSU's operations, financials, and strategic vision.

Research Coverage: Encourage research coverage from leading investment banks and analysts to improve market understanding of PSU fundamentals.

Corporate Branding: Enhance the corporate branding and image of PSUs to improve investor perception.

Regular Updates: Providing regular updates through quarterly earnings calls, investor meetings, and detailed reports. Transparency about performance and strategic direction can build investor trust.

Roadshows and Investor Conferences: Organising and participating in roadshows and investor conferences to showcase the value and potential of PSUs. This helps in reaching a wider investor audience.

Media Outreach: Leveraging media platforms, including print, television, and digital media, to communicate key messages about PSU performance and prospects. Engaging with journalists and analysts can amplify the PSU's story.

Educational Campaigns: Launching educational campaigns that explain the intrinsic value of PSUs, their growth potential, and the benefits of investing in them. These campaigns can target both retail and institutional investors.

Analyst Briefings: Regularly briefing analysts on the PSU's performance, strategy, and market outlook. Positive analyst reports can influence investor sentiment and drive stock valuations.

Online Presence: Maintaining an informative and updated online presence, including a comprehensive website and active social media channels. Providing easy access to financial reports, press releases, and investor presentations can enhance transparency and engagement.

Interactive Platforms: Utilising digital platforms, including social media, webcasts, and webinars, to engage with investors. This ensures wider reach and real-time communication.

Feedback Mechanisms: Establishing channels for investors to provide feedback and ask questions. This can help in understanding investor concerns and addressing them promptly.

Crisis Communication: Having a robust crisis communication plan in place to manage and mitigate any adverse events. Proactive and clear communication during crises can maintain investor confidence.

10. Focus on Core Competencies

Identifying Core Businesses: Conducting a thorough analysis to identify core and non-core businesses. This includes assessing profitability, market position, and strategic importance.

Divesting Non-Core Operations: Selling or spinning off non-core or underperforming businesses. The capital raised from these divestitures can be reinvested into core areas to enhance growth and efficiency.

Resource Allocation: Allocating resources, both financial and human, to areas that align with the PSU's core competencies. This ensures that efforts are concentrated where they can deliver the most value.

Strategic Planning: Developing strategic plans that focus on leveraging core strengths and addressing weaknesses. Regular review and adjustment of these plans are necessary to stay aligned with market dynamics.

Employee Alignment: Ensuring that employees understand and are aligned with the PSU's core competencies and strategic goals. This can be achieved through regular communication, training, and performance incentives.

11.  Long-Term Vision and Strategy:

Develop Strategic Roadmaps: Encourage PSUs to develop long-term strategic roadmaps outlining their vision, growth plans, and key performance indicators. PSUs in India were the first ones to prepare Perspective Plans, Strategic Plans in alignment with the Ministries in charge of the PSUs.

Innovation and Technology: Foster a culture of innovation and technology adoption to remain competitive in a dynamic market.

Focus on Sustainable Growth: Emphasize sustainable business practices and long-term value creation for all stakeholders.

12. Policy Reforms

Simplifying Bureaucratic Processes: Identifying and eliminating redundant procedures that hinder efficiency. Streamlining approval processes and reducing paperwork can significantly improve operational speed.

Reducing Red Tape: Implementing policies that cut through bureaucratic red tape, making it easier for PSUs to operate efficiently. This includes simplifying regulations and ensuring a fair and transparent regulatory environment.

Advocacy and Lobbying: Engaging with policymakers and industry bodies to advocate for reforms that benefit PSUs. Regular dialogue with stakeholders can help in shaping policies that support growth and efficiency.

Ease of Doing Business Initiatives: Supporting initiatives that improve the ease of doing business, such as digital governance platforms, single-window clearances for approvals, and online grievance redressal systems.

Important Considerations:

Tailored Approach: The specific action plans will need to be tailored to the individual needs and circumstances of each PSU.

Collaboration: Effective implementation will require close collaboration between PSUs, the government, and the financial markets.

Regular Monitoring and Evaluation: Regular monitoring and evaluation of progress are crucial to ensure the effectiveness of the chosen action plans.

Conclusion

The recent fluctuations in the stock prices of PSUs and PSBs underscore the need for sustained efforts to address investor concerns and market dynamics. The collaborative meeting orchestrated by the Department of Public Enterprises signifies a proactive step towards bridging the valuation gap and ensuring that the true potential of these entities is recognized in the market. As these efforts gain momentum, it is hoped that the intrinsic value of PSUs and PSBs will be adequately reflected in their stock prices, fostering greater investor confidence and long-term growth opportunities. By implementing these action plans, the government and PSUs can work together to bridge the valuation gap, enhance investor confidence, and unlock the full potential of these vital enterprises.

India Government Pre Budget Expectations

The Indian Economy: Navigating Headwinds – Pre Budget Expectations

India's Economic Growth has come down. Rupee is depreciating. Consumer expenditure is down. Finance Minister is going to present the Union Budget on 1st Feb. there are expectations from various stakeholders.

India's economic landscape currently presents a mixed picture. While the country has demonstrated resilience in the face of global challenges, headwinds such as slowing growth, a depreciating rupee, and declining consumer expenditure are casting a shadow over the horizon. As the Union Budget 2025 approaches, stakeholders across sectors are eagerly awaiting policy interventions that can revitalise growth and address these concerns.  

Challenges Facing the Economy:

• Slowing Growth: Economic growth has decelerated, raising concerns about job creation and income generation. Factors contributing to this slowdown include global economic uncertainty, rising interest rates, and subdued private investment.  

India's GDP growth rate has been slowing down. According to recent reports, the country's growth for Q3 2024 was 5.4%, down from its previous robust performance. Several factors contribute to this decline, including global geopolitical tensions, inflation, and cautious private sector investment.

• Rupee Depreciation: The Indian Rupee has been facing significant depreciation against the US Dollar, impacting imports, increasing inflationary pressures, and eroding consumer confidence.

The Indian rupee has been depreciating against major currencies, posing significant challenges. Contributing factors include global economic uncertainties, trade imbalances, and capital outflows driven by geopolitical tensions and rising US interest rates. The depreciation has led to increased import costs, higher inflation, and reduced investor confidence. Continued Measures to stabilise the rupee, such as foreign exchange interventions and interest rate adjustments by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), are critical to manage these challenges.

• Declining Consumer Expenditure: Weakening consumer demand, driven by factors like inflation and rising unemployment, is impacting economic activity across sectors.  

Consumer spending, a vital driver of economic growth, has seen a decline. Various factors, such as rising inflation, stagnant income growth, and economic uncertainties, have curtailed spending. This trend impacts sectors like retail, manufacturing, and services, further slowing economic momentum. Reviving consumer sentiment and enhancing disposable income are essential to stimulate demand and boost economic activities.

• Global Headwinds: The global economic slowdown, geopolitical tensions, and the ongoing impact of the pandemic continue to pose significant challenges to the Indian economy.

Budget Expectations:

The upcoming Union Budget is expected to play a crucial role in addressing these challenges and steering the economy back on track. Key expectations include:

Boosting Growth:

Increased Capital Expenditure: A significant increase in government spending on infrastructure projects is crucial to stimulate economic activity and create jobs.  Corporates are making good profits and they are also raising funds at a record pace from Capital markets. They should be encouraged to use these funds towards

Promoting Manufacturing: Policies to encourage domestic manufacturing, attract foreign investment, and enhance the competitiveness of Indian industries are critical.

Addressing Inflation:

Supply-Side Measures: Focus on measures to improve agricultural productivity, enhance supply chain efficiency, and control food inflation.  

Monetary Policy Coordination: Close coordination between fiscal and monetary policy to ensure price stability.

Supporting Consumer Demand:

Tax Relief: Measures to provide tax relief to individuals and businesses, such as increasing the tax exemption limit and rationalizing tax slabs.  

Social Sector Investments: Increased spending on social sectors like education, healthcare, and social security to improve the well-being of citizens and boost consumption.  

Fiscal Responsibility:

Maintaining fiscal discipline while supporting economic growth is crucial. This requires a careful balance between expenditure and revenue generation.

Income Tax Reforms

There are high expectations for relief in personal income taxes. Potential measures include increasing the basic exemption limit, raising the 80C deduction limit, and introducing new deductions to alleviate the tax burden on the middle class. These reforms can enhance disposable income, boosting consumer spending and overall demand.

GST Rate Rationalisation

Simplifying the Goods and Services Tax (GST) structure is another significant expectation. Stakeholders anticipate rationalising rates to reduce compliance burdens and create a more business-friendly environment. Such measures can promote ease of doing business, attract investments, and stimulate economic activities.

Infrastructure Development

Increased capital expenditure on infrastructure projects is crucial for economic growth. Investments in sectors such as transportation, housing, and energy can boost productivity and create employment opportunities. Additionally, expanding EV infrastructure and renewable energy projects can support sustainable development initiatives.

Support for MSMEs

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are the backbone of the Indian economy. Stakeholders expect targeted support, including tax benefits, incentives for digital transformation, and easier access to credit. Strengthening MSMEs can enhance job creation, innovation, and economic resilience.

Healthcare and Education Investment

Allocating substantial funds to healthcare and education is vital. Enhancing healthcare infrastructure, public health programs, and medical research can improve the nation's health outcomes. Similarly, investing in education and skill development programs can bridge the employability gap and foster innovation.

Government's Ability to Meet Expectations:

The government’s ability to meet these expectations will depend on several factors, including fiscal prudence, effective policymaking, and stakeholder collaboration. Maintaining a balance between fiscal discipline and growth-oriented policies is essential.

The government faces several challenges in meeting these expectations. These include:

Fiscal Constraints: Balancing the need for increased spending with the need to maintain fiscal discipline. Managing the fiscal deficit while increasing expenditure on key sectors is challenging. The government needs to ensure efficient resource allocation and prioritise investments that yield high-economic returns. Measures such as rationalising subsidies, reducing wasteful expenditure, and enhancing revenue generation through better tax compliance can support fiscal stability.

Global Uncertainty: The evolving global economic landscape and geopolitical risks pose significant challenges to economic growth and policy effectiveness.  

Implementation Challenges: Ensuring effective implementation of policies and reforms on the ground remains a critical challenge.

Potential Government Strategies

To address the economic challenges and meet the budget expectations, the government can adopt the following strategies:

Monetary and Fiscal Policies

The government can collaborate with the RBI to implement monetary policies that stabilise the rupee and control inflation. Additionally, fiscal policies such as tax reliefs, targeted subsidies, and increased infrastructure spending can stimulate economic growth.

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs).

Promoting PPP models for infrastructure development and service delivery can leverage private sector expertise and resources. This strategy can accelerate project implementation and enhance efficiency.

Technological Advancements

India has one of the best Eco Systems for Technology Development and Deployment. Government has taken lot of initiatives to speed up the process. Emphasising technological innovation and digital transformation can drive productivity and competitiveness. Supporting startups, investing in research and development, and fostering collaboration in emerging technologies can position India as a global innovation hub.

Agricultural Reforms

Modernising agriculture, promoting organic farming, and supporting farmers with technology and credit access can boost agricultural productivity and rural incomes. This strategy can also enhance food security and reduce import dependence.

Environmental Sustainability

There is a good support by Government for Sustainability Initiatives. Incentives are being given for Solar Mission and Electrical Vehicle Development. Focusing on renewable energy projects, green technology transfers, and climate change mitigation can support sustainable development. Collaborative efforts with other nations on clean energy initiatives can also strengthen India’s global standing in environmental leadership.

Policy Reforms

Implementing comprehensive policy reforms is critical. Simplifying tax laws, improving ease of doing business, and fostering a transparent regulatory environment can attract investments and enhance economic growth. Additionally, adopting progressive labour laws and environmental regulations is vital for sustainable development.

Conclusion:

The upcoming Union Budget presents a critical opportunity for the government to address the challenges facing the Indian economy. By focusing on growth-enhancing measures, addressing inflationary pressures, and supporting consumer demand, fiscal management, policy reforms, and targeted investments, the government can navigate the current headwinds and steer the econo+my towards a path of sustainable and inclusive growth. The government can address these issues through strategic policymaking and stakeholder collaboration. However, successful implementation of these policies will require strong political will, effective coordination between different government agencies, and a focus on long-term structural reforms.

 

 

 

 

Strategies for Emerging Markets to Mitigate the Impact of US Interest Rate Cuts

 

Strategies for Emerging Markets to Mitigate the Impact of US Interest Rate Cuts

The anticipated two interest rate cuts by the US Federal Reserve in 2025 are expected to keep yields on US bonds high, leading to faster depreciation of emerging market currencies and affecting stock market performance. Emerging markets can adopt several strategies to mitigate these impacts and maintain economic stability:

1. Diversifying Foreign Exchange Reserves

Emerging markets should diversify their foreign exchange reserves by holding a mix of currencies, including the US dollar, Euro, Yen, and other major currencies. This diversification can help reduce the impact of currency depreciation and provide a buffer against fluctuations in the US dollar.

• Rationale: Holding a mix of currencies minimises the risk associated with the dependency on a single currency. If the US dollar depreciates due to a rate cut, having reserves in other currencies like the Euro and Yen can cushion the blow.
• Implementation: Central banks in emerging markets can gradually adjust their reserve portfolios to include a broader range of currencies. This can involve bilateral currency swap agreements and increased investment in foreign assets.

2. Implementing Prudent Fiscal Policies

Governments in emerging markets could adopt prudent fiscal policies, including reducing budget deficits and controlling public debt. By maintaining fiscal discipline, these countries can build investor confidence and reduce the risk of currency depreciation.

• Rationale: Prudent fiscal policies signal economic stability and responsibility, which are attractive to investors. Lower budget deficits and controlled public debt reduce the risk of inflation and currency devaluation.
• Implementation: This can be achieved through efficient tax collection, cutting unnecessary government expenditure, and prioritising high-impact investments. Fiscal rules and frameworks can also be established to ensure long-term fiscal discipline.

3. Strengthening Monetary Policy Frameworks

Central banks in emerging markets could strengthen their monetary policy frameworks by adopting inflation targeting and enhancing their credibility. This can help anchor inflation expectations and maintain price stability, which is crucial for attracting foreign investment.

• Rationale: Strong monetary policy frameworks instil confidence in the economy by ensuring that inflation remains within target ranges. This stability attracts foreign investors looking for predictable returns.
• Implementation: Central banks can adopt clear and transparent inflation targeting mechanisms. Building credibility through consistent policy actions and communication is key. Developing technical expertise and improving data accuracy are also important steps.

4. Enhancing Financial Market Infrastructure

Emerging markets should invest in enhancing their financial market infrastructure, including developing robust capital markets and improving regulatory frameworks. This can help attract foreign investors and provide alternative sources of funding.

• Rationale: A well-developed financial market infrastructure facilitates efficient capital flow, reduces transaction costs, and increases market liquidity. Robust regulatory frameworks protect investors and reduce systemic risks.
• Implementation: Investment in technology, training of market participants, and strengthening of legal and regulatory frameworks are essential. Establishing well-regulated stock exchanges and bond markets can attract more foreign capital.

5. Promoting Economic Reforms

Governments could implement structural reforms to improve the business environment, enhance productivity, and boost economic growth. Reforms such as reducing red tape, improving labour market flexibility, and investing in infrastructure can help attract foreign investment and support economic resilience.

• Rationale: Economic reforms make it easier to do business, increase efficiency, and foster a more dynamic economy. These changes attract both domestic and foreign investment, spurring growth and innovation.
• Implementation: Simplifying regulatory procedures, cutting bureaucratic hurdles, investing in education and training, and improving physical infrastructure are key areas of focus. Encouraging entrepreneurship and innovation can also play a significant role.

6. Building Strong External Balances

Emerging markets could focus on building strong external balances by promoting exports and reducing reliance on imports. This can help improve the current account balance and reduce vulnerability to external shocks.

• Rationale: By increasing exports and reducing imports, countries can enhance their trade balance and build foreign exchange reserves. This strengthens their economic position and provides a cushion against global economic fluctuations caused by changes in US interest rates.
• Implementation: Strategies include investing in export-oriented industries, negotiating trade agreements to access new markets, and implementing policies that reduce import dependency, such as promoting local industries and substituting imports with domestic production.

7. Engaging in Regional Cooperation

Emerging markets can engage in regional cooperation to enhance economic stability and resilience. Regional trade agreements, financial integration, and cooperation on monetary policy can help mitigate the impact of external shocks and promote economic growth.

• Rationale: Regional cooperation can provide mutual support among neighbouring countries, share resources, and create larger, more resilient economic zones. This can help cushion against external shocks like US rate cuts.
• Implementation: Engaging in regional trade agreements, forming regional financial institutions, and coordinating monetary policies can enhance economic integration. Regular dialogue and collaboration among regional central banks and governments can also play a crucial role.

8. Leveraging Technology and Innovation

Investing in technology and innovation can help emerging markets enhance their competitiveness and attract foreign investment. By fostering a culture of innovation and supporting research and development, these countries can create new growth opportunities and reduce dependence on traditional sectors.

• Rationale: Technology and innovation drive productivity improvements and economic diversification. This helps emerging markets compete globally and reduces vulnerability to fluctuations in traditional sectors affected by US rate cuts.
• Implementation: Governments can create supportive environments for startups, invest in education and training, provide incentives for R&D, and facilitate technology transfer. Building infrastructure such as tech parks and innovation hubs can also stimulate growth in this sector.

9. Strengthening Social Safety Nets

Governments could strengthen social safety nets to protect vulnerable populations from the adverse effects of economic shocks. Programmes such as unemployment benefits, healthcare, and education can help maintain social stability and support economic recovery.

• Rationale: Strong social safety nets ensure that economic shocks do not disproportionately affect vulnerable populations. This maintains social stability and can help sustain consumer demand during downturns.
• Implementation: Expanding access to healthcare, education, and social security programs, and ensuring they are well-funded and effectively managed is key. Governments can also develop targeted assistance programs for the most vulnerable groups during economic downturns.

10. Enhancing Investor Relations

Emerging markets could enhance their investor relations by providing transparent and timely information about economic policies, fiscal health, and market conditions. This can help build investor confidence and attract foreign capital.

• Rationale: Transparent and consistent communication builds trust and confidence among investors. This can result in increased foreign investment, even in times of global economic uncertainty caused by US rate cuts.
• Implementation: Establishing dedicated investor relations teams, maintaining clear and regular communication, and providing up-to-date economic data are crucial. Hosting investor conferences, roadshows, and engaging with international financial media can also help improve investor relations.

In summary, by diversifying foreign exchange reserves, implementing prudent fiscal policies, strengthening monetary policy frameworks, enhancing financial market infrastructure, and promoting economic reforms, emerging markets can better navigate the challenges posed by US rate cuts and foster a more resilient and attractive investment environment for growth and development.

 

2025 Risks

 

2025 - Risks

As we step into 2025, the world faces a complex array of risks that span across geopolitical, economic, environmental, and technological domains. Understanding these risks is crucial for policymakers, businesses, and individuals to navigate the uncertainties ahead.

1. Geopolitical Tensions

In 2025, geopolitical tensions continue to rise, with overt and Gray zone interstate conflicts involving major powers like the US, China, and Russia. The US and China remain locked in a protracted trade and technology war, with both nations imposing tariffs and sanctions on each other. Russia's ongoing conflict with Ukraine has escalated, with increased military engagements and cyber attacks. The Middle East remains volatile, with ongoing conflicts in Syria, Yemen, and Israel. These tensions have significant implications for global trade, security, and political stability.

2. Economic Instability

Economic instability persists in various regions, exacerbated by trade disputes and protectionist policies. The global economy faces challenges such as high inflation, rising interest rates, and slowing growth. Trade disruptions caused by tariffs and sanctions have led to supply chain issues and increased costs for businesses. Emerging markets are particularly vulnerable, with many countries struggling to achieve macroeconomic stability. The economic distress has led to social unrest and political instability in some regions.

3. Climate Change

Climate change continues to have a profound impact in 2025, with an increasing frequency and severity of natural disasters. Extreme weather events such as hurricanes, floods, droughts, and wildfires have become more common, causing significant environmental and economic damage. Coastal cities are facing rising sea levels, leading to displacement and infrastructure damage. The agricultural sector is also affected, with crop failures and food shortages becoming more frequent. Governments and organizations are under pressure to implement more aggressive climate policies and invest in sustainable solutions.

4. Cybersecurity Threats

Cybersecurity threats have grown significantly in 2025, with increasing cyber attacks on critical infrastructure, businesses, and governments. State-sponsored cyber attacks have become more sophisticated, targeting energy grids, financial systems, and communication networks. Ransomware attacks have also surged, with cybercriminals demanding large sums of money in exchange for restoring access to compromised systems. The rise of artificial intelligence and machine learning has introduced new vulnerabilities, making it harder to detect and prevent cyber threats. Organizations are investing heavily in cybersecurity measures to protect their assets and data.

5. Political Instability

Political instability remains a significant challenge in 2025, with civil unrest and political upheaval in several countries. Protests and demonstrations have erupted in response to economic hardship, corruption, and lack of political representation. Some countries have experienced violent conflicts and regime changes, leading to governance challenges and humanitarian crises. The rise of populist movements and authoritarian leaders has further complicated the political landscape, with many governments struggling to maintain stability and public trust.

6. Transnational Crime

In 2025, transnational crime continues to pose a significant threat to global security and stability. Organised crime syndicates, including drug trafficking, human trafficking, and terrorism, have become more sophisticated and diversified. The global drug trade remains a major concern, with cartels exploiting new trafficking routes and methods to evade law enforcement. Human trafficking has also escalated, with criminal networks exploiting vulnerable populations for forced labour and sexual exploitation. Additionally, terrorism remains a persistent threat, with extremist groups utilising new technologies and social media to recruit and radicalize individuals. International cooperation and coordinated efforts are crucial in combating these transnational crimes.

7. Health Crises

The world continues to grapple with health crises in 2025, with potential pandemics and the ongoing impact of COVID-19 variants posing significant challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of global health preparedness and the need for robust healthcare systems. New variants of the virus continue to emerge, requiring updated vaccines and treatments. Additionally, other infectious diseases, such as influenza and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, pose ongoing threats. The global health community is focused on improving early detection, rapid response, and equitable distribution of healthcare resources to address these crises effectively.

8. Energy Security

Energy security is a critical concern in 2025, with disruptions in global energy supply chains and the transition to renewable energy sources. Geopolitical tensions, natural disasters, and cyber attacks have all contributed to the vulnerability of energy supply chains. The transition to renewable energy is progressing, but challenges remain in scaling up production, storage, and distribution of renewable energy technologies. Governments and organisations are investing in infrastructure upgrades, energy efficiency measures, and diversification of energy sources to enhance energy security and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.

9. Migration and Refugee Crises

Migration and refugee crises continue to be a pressing issue in 2025, driven by conflict, climate change, and economic hardship. Large-scale movements of people are straining resources and infrastructure in host countries, leading to social and political tensions. Climate change is exacerbating the situation, with rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and resource scarcity forcing people to flee their homes. Addressing these crises requires comprehensive policies that address the root causes of migration, provide humanitarian assistance, and promote integration and social cohesion in host communities.

10. Technological Disruption

Rapid advancements in technology continue to disrupt various industries in 2025, leading to both opportunities and challenges. Automation, artificial intelligence, and other emerging technologies are transforming the workforce, resulting in job displacement and the need for reskilling and upskilling. Ethical concerns related to data privacy, surveillance, and the use of AI in decision-making are also gaining prominence. Policymakers, businesses, and civil society must work together to harness the benefits of technological innovation while addressing its potential negative impacts on society.

11. Social Inequality

In 2025, social inequality continues to be a pressing issue, with growing disparities in wealth and access to resources leading to increased social tensions. The gap between the rich and the poor has widened, with a small percentage of the population controlling a significant portion of the wealth. This disparity is evident in access to education, healthcare, housing, and employment opportunities. The lack of social mobility has fuelled frustration and resentment, leading to protests and demands for systemic change. Governments and organisations are under pressure to implement policies that promote economic equality and social justice.

12. Food Security

Food security remains a significant challenge in 2025, with various factors affecting agricultural production and distribution. Climate change has exacerbated the situation, leading to extreme weather events, such as droughts, floods, and storms, which have disrupted crop yields and food supplies. Additionally, supply chain issues, political instability, and economic hardships have further complicated food distribution. Ensuring food security requires sustainable agricultural practices, investment in resilient infrastructure, and international cooperation to address the root causes of food shortages and ensure equitable access to nutritious food.

13. Water Scarcity

Water scarcity is a critical issue in 2025, with increasing demand for water resources and the impact of droughts and pollution. Population growth, industrialisation, and agricultural demands have strained existing water supplies. Climate change has led to irregular rainfall patterns and prolonged droughts, further exacerbating water shortages. Pollution from industrial and agricultural activities has contaminated water sources, making them unsafe for consumption. Addressing water scarcity requires comprehensive water management strategies, investment in water infrastructure, and policies to promote water conservation and pollution control.

14. Infrastructure Vulnerability

Infrastructure vulnerability is a growing concern in 2025, with aging infrastructure and the need for significant investment in repairs and upgrades. Many countries face challenges in maintaining and modernising their infrastructure, including roads, bridges, public transportation, and utilities. Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, floods, and storms, have highlighted the fragility of existing infrastructure. Additionally, cyber threats pose a risk to critical infrastructure systems. Investing in resilient and sustainable infrastructure is essential to ensure the safety, efficiency, and economic prosperity of communities.

15. Financial Market Volatility

Financial market volatility remains a significant risk in 2025, with fluctuations in global financial markets impacting investments and economic stability. Factors contributing to market volatility include geopolitical tensions, economic policies, technological disruptions, and changes in investor sentiment. The interconnectedness of global financial markets means that shocks in one region can have ripple effects worldwide. Managing financial market volatility requires prudent economic policies, robust regulatory frameworks, and strategies to mitigate systemic risks and enhance market resilience.

16. Regulatory Changes

In 2025, regulatory changes continue to impact industries such as finance, technology, and healthcare. The financial sector faces increased scrutiny and new regulations aimed at enhancing transparency, cybersecurity, and consumer protection. In the technology sector, regulations focus on data privacy, artificial intelligence, and cybersecurity, with governments implementing stricter guidelines to protect user data and prevent cyber threats. The healthcare industry sees significant regulatory shifts, particularly in the areas of telehealth, medical devices, and the use of AI in healthcare delivery. These changes aim to ensure patient safety, improve healthcare outcomes, and foster innovation.

17. Supply Chain Disruptions

Supply chain disruptions remain a critical issue in 2025, driven by geopolitical tensions, natural disasters, and pandemics. Companies are increasingly adopting strategies to build resilience, such as diversifying suppliers, investing in technology, and regionalising production. The use of advanced planning systems, AI, and IoT helps companies anticipate disruptions and maintain stability. However, challenges persist, including labour disputes, transportation bottlenecks, and cybersecurity threats. Addressing these disruptions requires a proactive approach and collaboration across the supply chain ecosystem.

18. Human Rights Violations

Human rights violations continue to be a significant concern in 2025, with ongoing issues such as forced labour, human trafficking, and violations of freedom of expression. The need for stronger enforcement of human rights protections is evident, as governments and organisations work to address these challenges. Efforts to improve accountability, transparency, and compliance with international human rights standards are crucial. Companies are increasingly integrating human rights considerations into their business practices, driven by regulatory requirements and consumer demand for ethical products.

19. Space Security

Space security becomes a more pressing issue in 2025, with increasing activity in space and the potential for conflicts over space resources. The growing number of space-faring nations and private companies has led to heightened competition and the risk of militarisation of space. Sustainability issues, such as space debris and the long-term viability of space activities, also pose significant security challenges. International cooperation and the development of comprehensive space governance frameworks are essential to ensure the peaceful use of space and prevent conflicts.

20. Polarisation and Populism

Political polarisation and the influence of populist movements continue to shape global politics in 2025. The rise of populism has led to increased political instability, social tensions, and challenges to democratic institutions. Populist leaders often exploit economic grievances, cultural divides, and distrust in traditional political elites to gain support. Addressing these issues requires efforts to promote social cohesion, strengthen democratic institutions, and address the underlying causes of polarization, such as economic inequality and social exclusion.

 

The year 2025 presents a multifaceted landscape of risks that require coordinated efforts from governments, businesses, and civil society to address effectively. By understanding and preparing for these risks, we can work towards a more resilient and sustainable future.